It was a pilot project: schoolchildren from this class, 27 people, once a week came to the clinic as a lesson. And we showed them diagnostic equipment, analysis of analyzes, operational. In the operating room, by the way, we have camcorders installed, allowing you to broadcast what is happening on the conference room screen. So the guys even over the course of some operations could be observed in online mode. Gradually, a group of those who seriously planned to associate their fate with medicine were separated from the total flux. And those who did not burn with this did not go to the medical university and honestly admitted to themselves that it was not him. For myself, I called this project "Day of Open Doors Long in two years."

From the remaining children, we have heard a lot of interesting questions for these years and then did not think at all about the award, it was just interesting. By the way, about 70% of our wards have been successfully enrolled in medical universities. And the part of young professionals that after the institute will return to the city, will definitely know where to go to work!

Now there are many talk about continuous education in health care, and personally, I am sure that it should begin with school. And if our pilot project is interesting to someone from colleagues, I will gladly share your experience.

– And what are your clinic on the coming year?
– We every year something new and interestingly implement, open. And for this year we have a lot of innovations. Let us open the separation of hardware cellular plasmapheres – this direction is now little represented in Orekhovoiyevo. We will also establish a heavy diagnostic technique – MRI and CT. Even this year we plan to open a pharmacy point, well, in every department something to improve.

Ideas for this I bring almost from every trip from abroad or after a visit to Russian medical centers. LLC "Clinic New Medicine" is included in the self-regulating health organization along with more than 220 organizations. We meet and exchange experience. In my opinion, in private medicine, people are very open, they are happy to share with their own workers with their colleagues, and it allows us to quickly and successfully develop.
Image.Referat_na_temu-rdquo;_Meditsina_v_Drevnerusskom_gosudarstve.
Abstract on the topic-rdquo; Medicine in the Old Russian state.

Abstract on the topic-rdquo; Medicine in the Old Russian state.
Let us help you write your essay

If you have any difficulties with coursework, control, diploma, abstract, practice report, research and any other work – we are ready to help.

SBEI HPE "Saratov State Medical University"
them. IN AND. Razumovsky"
Department of Health Organization,
Public Health and Medical Law.
Medical History Course

1. Head Department – Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor M.V. YERUGINA
2. Lecturer – Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor E.M.DOLGOVA
   Abstract on the topic: “Medicine in the Old Russian state. Ideas about the causes of diseases of the “Russians”. Ancient types of medical activity. Radical and non-radical methods of treatment”.
   Abstract made by:
   1st year students, 7 groups,

medical faculty

1. Duishvili of Milan and
2. Esipova Maria.

Introduction…………………………………………………

Main part…………………………………………..

– Medicine in the Old Russian state…………
– Ideas about the causes of diseases of the Russians……….
– Ancient types of medical activity…………
– Radical and non-radical methods of treatment………..

Conclusion……………………………………………….

Bibliography……………………………………….

The first written mention of medicine in Russia dates back to the 11th century. In the chronicles, doctors were called healers. They are mentioned in the Brief Russian Pravda, the oldest code of Russian laws that has come down to us, which was compiled under Yaroslav the Wise in the first quarter of the 11th century. Lechtsy passed on the secrets of healing by inheritance, from father to son. Already in 1073 and 1076, “Izborniks” were written down, in which, along with translations of fragments of biblical books and writings of Byzantine writers, some diseases were listed and information was given about their treatment, recommendations on keeping the body clean, advice on nutrition in different seasons. Mentioned in the Izbornik are doctors who treat with herbs and ointments, as well as doctors-surgeons who know how to do cauterization and “cut tissue”.
Medicine in the Old Russian state.

Folk medicine has been developing in Russia for a long time. People's healers were called healers. They are mentioned in Russkaya Pravda, the oldest code of Russian laws that has come down to us, which was compiled under Yaroslav the Wise (in the first quarter of the 11th century) and subsequently rewritten and supplemented many times. Russkaya Pravda legally established the remuneration of doctors: according to the laws of that time, a person who caused damage to the health of another person had to pay a fine to the state treasury and give the victim money to pay for treatment.
The healers passed on their healing knowledge and secrets from generation to generation, from father to son in the so-called “family schools”.

Medicines prepared from plants were very popular: wormwood, nettle, plantain, wild rosemary, "evil hater" (bodyagi), linden color, birch leaves, ash bark, juniper berries, as well as onions, garlic, horseradish, birch sap, and many other folk remedies.
Among medicines of animal origin, honey, raw cod liver, mare's milk and deer antlers occupied a special place.
Found their place in folk medicine and medicinal products of mineral origin. For pain in the abdomen, chrysolite stone, ground into powder, was taken orally. To facilitate childbirth, women wore jewelry made of yahonta. The healing properties of vinegar and blue vitriol, turpentine and saltpeter, "sulphurous stone" and arsenic, silver, mercury, antimony and other minerals were known. The Russian people have long known about the healing properties of "sour water". Its ancient name narzan, which has survived to this day, means “bogatyr-water” in translation.

Subsequently, the experience of traditional medicine was summarized in numerous herbal and medical books (Fig. 66), which for the most part were compiled after the adoption of Christianity in Russia and the spread of literacy. Unfortunately, many handwritten medical books perished during wars and other disasters.A little more than 250 ancient Russian herbalists and healers have survived to this day. They contain descriptions of numerous traditional methods of Russian healing from the time of Christian Russia, 6aavl and Kyiv, and later – in Novgorod, Smolensk, Lvov. The monastery hospital of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, the first Russian monastery founded in the first half of the 11th century, was widely known. in the vicinity of Kyiv and got its name from the caves (pechers), in which the monks originally settled.

From all over Russia, the wounded and sick with various ailments went to the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, and many found healing there. For seriously ill patients at the monastery there were special rooms (hospitals), where the monks who cared for the sick were on duty. The monastic chronicles (“Kiev-Pechersky Paterikon”, XII century) report several ascetic monks who became famous for their medical art. Among them is the “wonderful doctor” Anthony (XI century), who came from Athos, who personally cared for the sick, giving them his healing “potion”; Saint Alimpiy and Saint Agapit, the closest disciple of Saint Anthony. Agapit healed and inhabited the most nefarious works for free, to be tolerant and cordial towards him, to do everything in his power to heal the patient and not to care about personal enrichment or professional vanity.
At the same time, healing in ancient Russia was not a church monopoly: along with monastic medicine, there was also more ancient folk (worldly) medicine. However, at this stage of history, pagan healers (magicians, magicians, sorcerers and witches) were declared servants of the devil and, as a rule, were subjected to persecution.

In the courtyards of the princes, the boyars, secular doctors, both Russian and foreign, served. So, at the court of Vladimir Monomakh, an Armenian doctor served, named after them and was very popular among the people. Once he healed Vladimir Monomakh, when he was still the Chernigov prince, he sent him "potions", from which Prince Vladimir quickly recovered.According to recovery, the prince wished generously to reward his healer, but Agapit asked to convey the expensive prince's gifts to the poor. "And heard about him in the city that there is someone in the monastery, and many patients came to him and recovered."

Thus, the "Kiev-Pechersky Caterik" contains the first specific information about medical ethics in ancient Russia: a lecture must be a model of humanity up to self-sacrifice, for the sake of a patient to determine the disease on the pulse and the appearance of the patient and was very popular in the people. And with the princely yard in Cher-Nigovo in the XII century. Served by the famous healer Peter Syriainin (i.e. Cyrian). The years widely used in their practice the experience of traditional medicine.

Some, the ancient Russian monastery hospitals were also the centers of enlightenment: they were trained in medicine, Greek and Byzantine Hand-Pisis were collected. In the process of transferring manuscripts from Greek and Latin: the monks complemented them with their knowledge, based on the experience of Russian-folk healing.

One of the most popular books of the XI century. There was a "sophistine Svyatoslav". Translated from Greek in Bulgaria, he twice corresponded to Rus (1073, 1076) for the son of Yaroslav wise prince Svyatoslav, from where he got his name. The "Izbor Nick" in its content went beyond the initial task – to associate public relations in Russia with the norms of the new Christian Mora-P "- and acquired the features of the encyclopedia. Some illnesses that correspond to the presentation time of their causes, treatment and warning are described in it, the Tips on Vitania (for example, "the forces in vegetables are great", or "immerger drink" in itself "rabies ") And recommendations contain. The body clean, systematically wash, carry out ablutions. In the "Iziborbier" refers to the precair (surgeons), which were able to "cut the fabrics", amputate limbs, other patients or: dead body parts, to make therapeutic cavities at the remedy of hot iron, treat damaged herbs and ointments.Even knives for dissection and medical sharpening sharpened. At the same time, in the "ibior", the lead-deals are illless inequicable, in front of which medicine of that time was powerless.

In the ancient Russian literature of the XII century. There are information about women-medicine women, women-kostopravas, skillfully producing massages, about attracting women to care for patients.

In terms of sanitary development, the ancient Russian state in the X-XIV centuries. Western European countries were ahead. With archaeological excavations of the ancient New-Cities, documents belonging to 1346 were found, which reported on the Essence in Novgorod hospitals for the civilian population and about the Alhi-Miki specialists involved in the preparation of drugs. In the territory of Ancient Novgorod, multi-tiered (up to 30 us-tiles) Wooden bridges created in the X-XI centuries are open and studied, more than 2,100 buildings with the objects of hygienic domestic in them, the pottery and wooden water collectors and drains are opened – one From the oldest in Northern Europe. Note that in Germany, the water supply was built in the XV century, and the first bridges were laid in the XIV century.

An integral part of the medical and sanitary life of ancient Russia was the Russian Steam Bath, which has long been considered a wonderful tool. The bath was the cleanest room in the manor. That is why, along with his direct appointment, the bath was used and as a place where the birth was taken, the first care of the newborn was taken, the dislocations were played and the blasting was played, the massage was carried out and "put the pots", they treated the cold and sickness of the joints, triturated with medicinal ointments With skin diseases.

The first description of the Russian steam bath is contained in the chronicles of Nesor (XI century). Starting a century, the famous Russian obstetrician N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik (1744-1812) wrote: "The Russian bath is still considered an indispensable tool from many diseases. In medical science there is no such medication that would equal to force. Ban "(1783).

In the Middle Ages, Europe has been the arena of devastating epidemics.In Russian Le Topsy, along with numerous descriptions of diseases of the princes and individual representatives of the highest class (boyars, clergy), terrifying car-tins of large epidemics of plague and other infectious diseases are given, which in Russia-Vali-Vali "Maorma", "Sea Treet" or " Capital diseases. In the people of Nosto-Valo, the opinion that spring treads arise from above the natural forces, changes in the position of stars, wrath of gods, change -: – years. In Russian folk fairy tales, a woman of a huge growth with loose hair in white clothes, cholera – in the image of an evil old woman with a distorted face. Misunderstanding that dirt and poverty are a social danger, led to non-commercial hygiene rules, increased epidemics; Going behind them hunger. In the desire to stop the patient diseases, the people walked to the most desperate measures. For example, when in Novgorod in the XIV century. The plague broke out, the townspeople have built the Church of Andrei Stratilate, which has been preserved to the present day. However, neither the construction of churches nor prayers saved the people from disasters – the epidemics in Europe were carried away at that time tens of thousands of human lives.

The largest number of epidemics in Russia falls for the period of Mongol-Tatar Iga (1240-1480). Mongol-Tatar Igo ruined and devastated Russian lands, as well as the states of Central Asia and the Caucasus. The incessant struggle of the Russian people forced the conquerors to abandon the idea of ​​creating their management bodies in Russia. Rus kept its statehood, but the long-term oppression and ruin of the country of the Golden Ord led to the subsequent lag of Russian lands in their development from Western European countries.

One of the centers of Russian medicine of that time was Kirillo-Belozersky my-nine, founded in 1397 and not subjected to enemy invasion. In the walls of the monastery at the beginning of the XV century. Monk Kirill Belozersky (1337-1427) translated from the Greek "Galinovo to the Pipocrat" (Galen's comments to the "Hippocratov Nick"). At the monastery there were several hospitals.One of them is currently restored and is protected by the state as a monument of architecture.

In the XIII-XIV centuries. New cities were strengthened in the Russian lands: Tver, Nizhny Novgo, Moscow, Kolomna, Kostroma, and others.

Performances on the causes of the diseases of Rubechi.
Ancient Ruschi was tormented by various aids: "Cords" and "trunks" (Tick, Chorea), "Prying" (antilose and contractures), "Rocking", "Highlights" (episption), "Chinese dol" (tender paralysis) , "rabies", "the isolation of the mind" (various forms of psychosis), "carking" (cancer), "rolling" (pumping), "bottom" (all types of internal diseases, more specifically – bile and renal colic), "dry" ( Chakhotka), "Rogolz" (Malaria), "Swell" (Asthma), "Usov" (pleurisy), "Fires" (TIF), "ENPA" (natural and windshield, cortex, scarlet), "Water Labor" ( Wasyanka), "Kamchug" (arthritis, gout, stone disease), "Survech" (scabies).
The chronicles are replete with clear clinical descriptions of diseases affecting the princes. So, Vladimir Svyatoslavich Holy suffered from "Chiming" (eye disease). Svyatoslav Yaroslavich Chernigov in 1076 died of a malignant tumor on her neck – lymphosarcoma or lymphogranulus. Vyslav Polotsk had a congenital brain hernuit, because of which a bandage-bandage was worn throughout his life. Vladimir Volynsky in 1288 after terrible torment died from malignant education on the chin. According to the chronicles, "the first summer, Gniti, Gniti, Gniti, is small, to another and on the third Bolmi, Gniti is launched. And Even EMOW is not sick, but you walk and run on horse. Outside the fourthou , and came out EMEE all meat with beard and zoi urination extinguishing VSI and jaw beard overseas. " In the prince of God, the prince moaning the prayers: "I don't suffer me." "Lying the outstage is not glanced, but he was laughing, and he was laughing, and the omee meat is all with a beard and bone, the beard thanks to the beats and would see the ladies. And it's not a vastosha for seven weeks.
In 1092, the first epidemic in their history hit the Russian lands. Then, in three months from Philippov's day to the meat-pusher, 7,000 coffins were sold. The pestilence of 1230-1232 on Smolensk land claimed 32 thousand lives.
However, medieval people did not understand the true causes of infirmities and explained them by the machinations of the devil. They represented diseases in the form of evil forces sent by demons to punish sinners. During the pestilence of 1092, groans were heard in Polotsk at midnight, and the townspeople fancied that "demons roam the streets" and hit the one who "gets out of the mansion." Then the demons began to appear during the day riding horses, but they themselves were not seen, only the hooves of the horses were noticed. Rumors spread around the volost, "as if Navi (the souls of dead ancestors. – I. M) beat the Polochans."

There was an opinion about suddenly appearing diseases-women. Cholera was represented as an old woman with an evil face. In light clothes fluttering freely in the wind, from seven to twelve fever maidens flew in: shaking; bringing the inner heat of fire; chills; pressing on the ribs, depriving appetite and causing vomiting oppression; causing hoarseness and spitting of the chest; breaking the head and laying the ears of the deaf; lomea; letting swelling through the body; yellowing; writhing; not allowing the patient to close his eyes while looking; and, finally, the oldest sister, the deadly Nevea.
For help, they turned to folk healers – sorcerers, healers, greengrocers. Folk methods of treatment, on the one hand, implied belief in conspiracies, "nauzes" (knots and amulets), sacrificial and cleansing rites, on the other hand, they were based on the use of medicines, handicrafts, and the appointment of bath procedures. In order to protect against suddenly swooping evil spirits, the Russians prudently covered the dwelling with sunny and thunderous "good" signs, a horse's head was carved on the top of the roof, and a horseshoe was hung at the door. All the openings through which evil spirits could penetrate were ornamented: gates, windows, jams, gables of the roof, furniture, especially the cradle, stoves and utensils inside the house.The same charts of the charts embroidered on clothes, first of all, the neck, on the shoulders, sew-ke, on the hem and the bottom of the sleeves. The whole richly decorated costume of an ancient Russian woman, sparkling and ringing from numerous jewelry, symbolizer-shaft, that she and her family is able to confront the shivel of the devil.

Ancient types of medical activities.
In ancient Russia, there were three main forms of healing:
1) People's Healing. The people who were engaged in them were called Kudesniki and the Signs;
2) monastic medicine (mainly gained dissemination after the adoption of Christianity in Russia);
3) secular (or else it is also called worldly) medicine, which appeared during the rights of Yaroslav Wise. She was called ingenic.
Lecari-artisans specialized in the healer of various diseases – skin, domestic, were also Kostoprava, the "kidey" cases master (hemorrhoid treatment).

Ethnoscience. Transfer of medical knowledge

National Medicine is the oldest branch of medicine in the history of Russia. In fact, her roots were paganism, which professed the Slavic tribes to the volume and the creation of the state and before the adoption of Christianity. Thus, the IM-ment of the nucleation of traditional medicine can be attributed by the time the historical description of the life of the Russian people begins, that is, to the times of prehistoric. With the adoption of Christianity, she was not eradicated, survived more than the millennium of the already historical life of the people and even in our time she prophes to develop, is widely applied to the practice of those people who own this art, and sometimes come into a dispute with scientific medicine.

In our time, a fair amount of cases are known when scientific medicine has been powerless before any case of the disease, even though it has reached theoretical and practical development and technical equipment. And there were cases when literally "from the coffin was pulled out" people and returned his health people who speak the skills of traditional medicine.With the development and growth of the Russian state, traditional medicine until the second half of the XIX century. It remained the only way to treat diseases and maintaining the health of ordinary people, since there was no more accessible medical care. The situation has changed in the second half of the XIX century, when the first Zemsky institutions and the generally Zemskaya medicine appeared.
No one can explain why, but the concern for the health of all Russian people was little interested in the rulers of Russian land a very long time. Existed until the end of the XVII century. Only the "states of doctors" who treated the sovereign, the family of his and especially approximate persons. Peter I tried to change the situation, but the radical transformations did not achieve, making medicine available to privileged groups of the population. I must say that at that time he did not come about the idea that the doctor's help is needed to all the seats of society. Only Alexander II, who abolished the serfdom in 1861 and spent a large number of transformations in all spheres of life of Russians, became the author of the first steps to the availability of medical care, conducted the Zemstvo reform and introduced Zemstvo medicine.
From the times of its origin, he was distinguished from other types of medicine in what combined the knowledge of the healing properties of natural resources, and faith in miraculous forces.
The characteristics in Russia were engaged in the signs and predictors, witches, leads, leaders, chaplain, Kudesniki, they were afraid, since they were erected into the rank of mediators between the healing forces of nature and man. They were afraid of their passing, they believed that they could draw the sacraments of nature both in good and to harm to man. They were engaged in the commission of various magic love spells, disgust, tv, medicine, fortune investigation and removal of damage, etc. They were so trusted that they were asked for help to them not only simplicity, but also princes and members of princely families.
Folk Lekari knew how to make bleeding, the trepanios of the skull, as well as to treat injuries (applying chests), wounds with various ointments, cavity.
По прошествии времени врачеватели обрели новое название – лечцы. Они стали организаторами семейных школ, в которых знания медицины переходили от отца к сыну.
Лечцы широко использовали в своем деле не только растительные средства (такие, например, как листья березы, чеснок, полынь, хрен, подорожник, лук, чемерица черника и т. д.) и различные магические заговоры, но и продукты животного и минерального происхождения, например растертый в порошок хризолит применялся при сильных болях в животе, а женщинами для облегчения родов рекомендовали носить рубин. Наиболее известным целебным средством со времен лечцов, дошед-шим до наших дней, стала так называемая кислая вода или нарзан. Название это исконно русское и в переводе означает «богатырь-вода».

Народные врачеватели составляли трактаты об использовании целебных сил при-роды – травники и лечебники. Особенно широкое распространение это получило после принятия христианства и появления письменности. К сожалению, нам доста-лась в наследство лишь малая толика тех источников, так как большинство из них погибло или было украдено во время войн. Интересно то, что в дошедших до нас книгах есть средства, которые применялись не только после принятия христианства, но и задолго до него.

Monastic medicine
Появление монастырских больниц можно отнести ко временам принятия христи-анства на Руси. Монахи, верившие в то, что всем на земле ведает Бог, воспринимали болезни как кару за прегрешения человеческие, а иной раз и как вселение бесов в человеческую душу и тело. Следовательно, исцеление от болезни рассматривалось как прощение Божие и отпущение грехов.

Монастырские больницы носили название «лечебницы» и «странноприемницы». Первые упоминания о них относятся к XI в. Наиболее известными из них стали лечебница в Переславле, основанная в 1091 г. митрополитом Киевским Ефремом, и Киево-Печерская лавра, основанная в 1051 г. монахами Антонием и Феодосием в предместьях Киева. Название она свое получила от слова «печеры», т. е.Caves in which monks lived and worked their noble cause. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra left its traces in the development of medicine and culture in Russia. There were written many chronicles: from Nestor, Nikon, Selvestra.

In the caves of the monastery, people who have entered the history of Russia are buried: the founder of the Lavra Antonius, the chronicler Nestor, Healthcores Damian and Agapius and even the foundation-Tel of Moscow – Yuri Dolgoruky.
Oddly enough, in the Lavra found ways to treat various diseases – from infectious to mental. In the walls of the monastery, there was even something like insulators, which were placed seriously ill, they were provided with individual care. People who have not had the hopes for recovery, were often healed by monks, after which they believed in God and prayers and kneaded into the monks.

Among the most famous healers who practiced in the laurel were such people like Rev. Alimpiy, famous for treating people with the most severe cases of lepros. For the treatment of skin disease, it used icon-paint paints containing, apparently, various healing substances. Also, the holy and blah Agapius was a monk Lavra. He is famous for cured the grandson of Yaroslav Wise, who later became Prince of Russia, and he entered the story as Vladimir Monomakh.
He was treated for the monastery for free, they were tolerant to the patients, with Lu-bovyu rightfully to self-sacrifice. This attitude is the Aza of medical ethics, which in our time in training in universities is attached great importance.

Monastic hospitals were also centers of training and enlightenment: the monks were collected by the Byzantine and Greek manuscripts, translated from Latin and Grezchen who, united the information to the collections, complemented their knowledge and knowledge of the ancestors and they taught medicine for these sources. Largely fame, such Scriptures as "Christian Topography" of the Moskov of Indicoplov (about 1549), Sixodnev, John Exarch Bulgarian, and also translated from the Bulgarian original in 1073"Exchange", consisting of passages of the compositions of the greatest Byzantine theologians and preachers. In 1076 another "flavor" was compiled. It has become a kind of source of knowledge in all areas – from homemade life and the foundations and norms of Christian morality to leadership and councils on the treatment of various diseases, conducting a healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition, etc.

Squirt medicine

Soskaya medicine appeared in Russia since the reign of Yaroslav Wise. Representatives of this branch of medicine were doctors of free practitioners who do not attract themselves to national healers or to monastichery. These were people, often ingenic origin (Herra Armenian, whose name is unknown, which has been greatly popular even at the princely courtyard; Peter's healer, Syrian, who lived at the court of Nikolai Davydovich (Prince of XII century) in Chernigov) and for the help of the patients Money was taken, not embarrassed than and caused indignation among representatives of other branches of medicine. Especially fought with secular and nude medicine. Mixed monastic medicine.

She erected the actions of the magicians and Kudesnikov, as well as ingenians in the framework of the demonic business. The active persecution of wise men, leaders, etc., caught even burned on the bonfires. These were akin to the European Inquisition. However, despite the persistent struggle, the healing in Russia did not become a purely church privilege. This is seen from sources related to the period of the classic Middle Ages, which continues to be mentioned and peaceful medicine. With the time of time, these two branches of medicine have gained more differences and made apologize from each other.

Sanitary. Bath. Epidemia

Unlike Western Europe, a sanitary case in Russia in the X-XIV centuries. It was satisfied – but strongly developed. This is evidenced by the excavation of ancient Novgorod, in which there were about 50 estates equipped with baths, water-waters and waterproofs. Whole areas were covered with wooden bridge related to the X-XI centuries, unlike Western Europe, in which the first bridges were built only in the XIV century., And the water supply is in the XV century.These "innovations" were found in Germany.

1. A special place in ancient Russia was held by the bath. Folk healing agents were already in the other way, which benefit is brought by the body when removing harmful substances from it along with then. The bath in the house or estate was the cleanest place: there not only werehed, but they took birth, cared for newborns, they were invited to the drugs and Kostopravov. The first mention of the Russian bath refers to 1113 (chronicle from Nestor). A special misfortune of the ancient Russian state was epidemics of infectious diseases or "marine treads". There were written diseases in the chronicles, and only for the period from the XI century to the XVII centuries. You can find information about 47 epidemines. There were plague, cholera, leprosy and other diseases. The centers of appearance of epidemics were border city, through which foreign caravans were held – Novgorod, Smolensk.
2. For example, in 1230 in Smolensk, the epidemic took tens of thousands of lives, which indicates an emergency infinity of the disease. People understood that the disease passes from man to a person, so the contaminated places were delivered, where patients were. If the epidemic extended to the whole city, the residents went into the forest, throwing houses, skarb and sick relatives, and were sitting as long as the mor. However, at the time of deliverance from the disease, the moment was taken when the last patient was dying and it seemed to be infected from anyone. Nothing knowing anything about the causative agents of the diseases, people returned to the city, and the epidemic sometimes was angry with them. Considering the place is damned, people reached the point that they burned entire settlements. Their mistake was also the fact that until the XV century. The dead from the epidemics of people was buried according to religious laws in cemeteries at churches. This contributed to the resumption and spread of Mora. Only in the XVI century. The dead from infectious diseases began to bury outside the cemetery, outside the cities and villages. People misunderstood that the cause of epidemics was not supernatural forces, and poverty and non-compliance with the rules of hygiene, therefore, in some cases, it reached the desperate actions: so, for example, in the XIV century.In Novgorod, during the epidemics of the plague, residents in 24 hours. Earrange the Church of Andrei Passily. It has been preserved and still. During the Mongol-Tatar invasion, there were the largest number of epidemics in Russia, people died most.
3. It lasted the ancient Russian state three centuries. In 1132, the son of Vladimir Monomakh, the last prince of Kyiv Mstislav Vladimirovich died. The State Damage broke up into several principalities – it was a period of feudal fragmentedness, weakening the political and economic independence of ancient Russia. The invasions of the Mongol-Tatar Horde Khan Batya finally destroyed all the principles of government and life on Earth Russian.
4. Radical and non-radical treatment methods.
   In Kyiv and other cities were popularly in facts, units, the Greeks, Syrians, Armenians who served mostly princes, boyars and merchants. Orthodoxy during this period did not build the development of M. in Russia, and in the Kiev state had free driving the medical concept of the pagan, Magometan, Jewish, Buddhist, Catholic world. Foreigners had their homes in the cities, medicinal "cellars" (pharmacies), entered friendly and business relations with Russians. A halo is surrounded by surgery, known in Slavic monuments of writing as "needlework", "cutting" or "iron trick". "Cushion", "Tackle" (surgical instrumental) made a knife, "brick" (razor), croutine, saw, frame, drill, tesche, and a set of blood consumption – "run", "Razhn", "Brodets", various "ironing bleeding. " The wounds were sewn with severe hemp threads, "strings" from the intestine, the peritoneum of young animals; The dressing agent was the barley wool. They used painful and sleeping pills (shutdown, boligols, opium), they were also used to anesthety of childbirth (the story "Alexandria", 11th century). "Cutting" took place at home, but more often in the baths and hospitals during monasteries. Moreover, the ancient Russian surgeons performed quite complex operations: the wrapper, the amputation of the limb, the trepanation of the skull, and others. V.D.Otamanovsky (1965) reports that doctors often combined the functions of healers of internal and skin diseases with the functions of a pharmacist and surgeon.
   Conservative methods were also used to treat internal, "plague", "heavenly" (mental), childhood and other diseases with various "potions" (medicines), water, suggestion and other methods. The collection and storage of medicines ("greenery") even before the adoption of Christianity was carried out by persons providing medical care. After the adoption of Christianity, along with the persecution of the Magi, sorcerers, sorcerers, a struggle was also waged against greengrocers. However, from practical medicine. medicines did not disappear, but on the contrary, they began to be prescribed to an even greater extent, incl. and healers of monasteries. It is no coincidence that in the Kiev-Pechersk Patericon it was noted that "the healer prepares potions for the need for healing, for each illness." Old Russian doctors of the 10th-11th centuries. possessed a significant arsenal of therapeutic agents. So, in the "Shestodnev" the use of aconite, hemlock, henbane, rubbing of metallic mercury, obtaining opium from poppy heads were described, the healing value of "toplits" (mineral waters) was pointed out. In the works of the 11th-13th centuries. opinions were often expressed, for example, on the use of cauterization, bloodletting, ways of cleaning and stitching the wound, imposing “grafts” on it, i.e. bandages and patches. Mention was also made of therapeutic diagnostics, especially pharmacology, which included a significant number of plant, animal and mineral remedies drawn from the arsenal of traditional medicine. Eastern Slavs, for example, the appointment of tar (tar) for scabies, raw cod liver – for night blindness, vitamin-containing vegetables and berries (horseradish, radish, onions, garlic, cloudberries, cranberries, etc.) – for scurvy, beaver stream as a tonic. Medicines were prepared in the form of powders, powders, infusions, decoctions, ointments, cauterization stones and other forms. Often used baths with infusions of various herbs.
   The designation of diseases and symptoms primarily with the help of Slavic vocabulary indicates their very ancient origin. Identification with modern nosology is difficult and sometimes succeeds only with a careful comparison of many written monuments. Diseases such as lupus, leprosy and other skin diseases were called leprosy. Overthrow (scabies) was widespread. Of the internal, infectious and neuropsychic diseases, there are goldfish (jaundice), kamchyug (arthritis), inhalation (asthma), fire (typhus), etc .; shaking (malaria) is described in the form of daily, every other day and "quartons", i.e. four days; disastrous pestilence – bloody womb (dysentery), pneumonic plague, callus ( bubonic plague), exploding, or burning burning ( anthrax); “foam turning”, or “falling sickness” (epilepsy), relaxation (paralysis).

In the second half of the ninth century the Old Russian state was formed with the capital in the city of Kyiv (Kievan Rus). The borders of the Kievan state reached the Oka and Volga basins. The Old Russian state lasted only about 300 years, and then broke up into separate independent principalities. The reason for the collapse of the state was the political strengthening of large landowners, the economic and political growth of cities. The latter grew and separated so much that Kyiv in the second half of the XII century. actually lost the meaning of the "capital" city. By the time of the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar hordes, the Old Russian state had broken up into a number of independent principalities. Feudal fragmentation weakened the strength of the Russian people in the struggle against external enemies. The battle on the Kalka River ended with the victory of the Mongol-Tatar troops. A new Tatar attack on Russian land took place 14 years later, in 1237. The conquest of Russia lasted 3 years. In the fire of war, cultural values ​​were lost: chronicles, books, monuments of material culture. One of the first monastic hospitals in the city of Pereyaslavl was also destroyed. The cities of Novgorod and Pskov remained free from enslavement.Diploma to order" lang="en" style="height: 28px;">On the rest of Russia during the period of the Tatars of Mongolian enslavement, medicine and the associated drugs have existed mainly under monasteries. Mongolian khans remain-vili monasteries are all the rights that those used before the conquest. Over two hundred years (1240-1480) There were no conditions for the development of state medicine. Despite the fact that the Russian people were under the oppression of Mongol-Tatars, by the end of the XIII – the beginning of the XIV century. The restoration of the national economy began. Revived city, new temples and monasteries were erected. The leather and resin production has been established, soap, potash, oil, fishery glue have been manufactured. Montgo Lo Tatars were forced to use the services of Russian artisans and nesting. According to cities and villages continued to practice Russian "Nepetsy". The further development of medicine and drug education in Russia was associated with the liberation from a foreign yoke and the creation of a single Russian state. In 1380, Russian troops under the leadership of Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Kulikov field, but the final release came only in a hundred years.