Without keyword EMBLEMS medical (Greek emblema insert, convex decoration) – images symbolizing medicine in general, belonging to the medical profession, various directions and

Without a keyword

EMBLEMS medical (Greek emblema insert, convex decoration) – images symbolizing medicine in general, belonging to the medical profession, various areas and areas of medicine, individual medical specialties.

Rice. 1. Sumerian stone vase (Gudea cup), dedicated to the god of healing Ningishzida, depicting a dragon holding a staff and a snake (22nd century BC). Rice. 2. Statue of the ancient god of medicine Asclepius with a staff entwined with a snake.

Throughout the centuries of development, medicine has had many Emblems, some of them have not lost their significance to this day, others are a thing of the past. At the XIII International Congress on the History of Science (Moscow, 1971), a classification of medical emblems was proposed, according to which they are divided into two groups: general and private medical emblems. General medical emblems symbolize medicine in general, private medical emblems denote its individual branches or directions. This classification is conditional, since in the history of medicine, certain general emblems eventually became private and, conversely, private emblems acquired the meaning of general ones. The same private emblem in different historical periods and in different countries could symbolize different branches and areas of medicine.

Rice. 3. Statue of the ancient goddess of health Hygiea with a bowl and a snake.

Various images of a snake can be attributed to general medical emblems, including in combination with a staff, with a bowl, with a candle, etc., images of a burning torch, a lamp, a heart in the palm of your hand. The emblems with the image of a snake are the most widespread.

Rice. 1. Statuette from the sanctuary of the palace in Knossos (Crete), depicting the goddess of fertility (including health) with snakes in her hands (16th century BC). Rice. 2. A wooden mask depicting snakes used in traditional folk rituals to protect against diseases (Sri Lanka, 19th century). Rice. 3. Gemma with the profile of the ancient goddess of health Hygiea; at the bottom right is the staff of Asclepius entwined with a snake (England, 18th century BC). ). Rice. 4. Badge of a graduate of a medical institute in the USSR. Rice. 5. Breastplate of a doctor with a degree of Doctor of Medicine in pre-revolutionary Russia; at the bottom of the sign is a bowl with two snakes. Rice. 6. An ancient Roman bronze coin depicting the goddess of health Saluta with a bowl and a snake. Rice. 7. A miniature depicting a physician with a vessel for collecting urine (urinaria) – a medieval emblem of therapy and a mortar and pestle – a medieval emblem of pharmacy (Germany, 14-15 century). Rice. 8. Postage stamp of Greece depicting the plane tree of Hippocrates, a possible prototype of the emblem of gerontology. Rice. nine.Postage stamp of the World Health Organization with the emblem of the fight against malaria – against the background of the globe, a spear wrapped around a snake and pointed at a malaria mosquito. Rice. 10. Holland postage stamp with the emblem of the fight against cancer – in the form of a crab pierced by a sword. Rice. 11. A postage block issued in Switzerland for the 100th anniversary of the International Red Cross. Rice. 12. Emblems of the Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun societies.

In primitive society, when totemism and animalism were developing, reflecting the helplessness of primitive man in front of the outside world, the snake was one of the main totem animals. Since the advent of the cult of the snake, she has been credited with a dual role – evil and good. On the one hand, the snake was a symbol of cunning and deceit, on the other – immortality, wisdom and knowledge (printing. Fig. 1 and 2). In the cultural monuments of Mesopotamia (III millennium BC), the snake is depicted on various objects associated with the god of fertility and healing Ningishzida (Fig. 1). This is probably one of the first images of a snake in history as a medical emblem. As an emblem of medicine, the snake was originally depicted without any attributes (Fig. 4). Later, images of a snake appeared in combination with various objects. So, from about the 8th century BC, one of the symbols of medicine is the staff of the god of healing Asclepius (Aesculapius) – a knotted stick around which a snake wrapped its head up (Fig. 2, as well as flowers, table. , Art. 170, fig. 3). In one of the ancient Greek myths is told. that Asclepius was invited to the palace of Minos, the king of Crete. to resurrect his dead son. On the way, he saw a snake on his staff and killed it, but a second snake appeared with a healing herb in its mouth and resurrected the dead one. Subsequently, Asclepius treated sick people with this herb. The staff of Asclepius should not be confused with the caduceus, an attribute of the god of commerce Hermes (Mercury). representing a rod with wings at the top, entwined with two snakes (Fig. 5). In the ancient world, this emblem was not medical. Only from the 15th-16th century did the caduceus become a symbol of medicine. Since the 19th century, the caduceus has been used as an official medical emblem in a number of countries in America (eg the USA), Africa and Asia.

Rice. 4. The lid of an antique bronze first-aid kit with the image of a snake. Rice. 5. Caduceus – a winged rod entwined with two snakes. Rice. 6. Ancient Greek amphora with a laurel wreath, entwined with a snake (from an ex-libris that belonged to a physician). Rice. 7. Image of a bowl with a snake on the sign of the Town Hall Pharmacy in

The first images of a bowl with a snake date back to 800-600 BC. The snake and the cup were depicted separately and were mainly attributes of the goddesses of health Hygiea (Fig. 3 and 8) and Saluta (tsvetn. Fig. 6). Images of an amphora or a bowl entwined with a snake appeared much later (Fig. 6 and 7, as well as color. Fig. 5). In the ancient world, the emblem of medicine was not a poisonous snake, but a harmless one.

Rice. eight.Памятная медаль, посвященная борьбе с чумой, с изображением обвитого змеей треножника Аполлона и Гигеи, держащей чашу (Россия, 18 век). Rice. 9. Металлический нагрудный знак французских медиков с изображением зеркала, обвитого змеей. Rice. 10. Древнегреческая монета с изображением Асклепия и двух кентавров. держащих факелы.

Известна эмблема медицины в виде треножника Аполлона, обвитого змеей (рис. 8). В Европе (Франция, Бельгия, Греция и др.) с 18 века существовала медицинская эмблема в виде зеркала, обвитого змеей (рис. 9). Зеркало было символом чистоты и осторожности — качеств, необходимых врачу.

Rice. 11. Древнеегипетское изображение. Вверху анк Имхотепа (крестообразная петля) и две змеи.

Along with the emblems of the healer, on which the snake was depicted, others existed since ancient times. Древнеегипетского бога медицины Имхотепа (приходящий с миром) изображали с крестообразной петлей в руках — так наз. анком Имхотепа. Этот символ обозначал благополучие, жизнь и здоровье (рис. 11). Позднее он был известен под названием «тау-крест» (изображение греческой буквы «тау» использовали в качестве амулета). Существуют медицинские эмблемы в виде горящего факела или светильника (позднее свечи). У многих народов огонь считался одним из основных элементов природы. Огонь, по учению Гераклита Эфесского (6—5 век до нашей эры), рассматривался в медицине как крайнее, все исцеляющее средство, к которому обращались в случае безрезультатности медикаментозного и хирургического лечения. На некоторых скульптурах и барельефах изображение Асклепия сочетается с изображением горящего факела (рис. ten). Разные степени сближения обвитого змеей посоха и горящего факела отражают тенденцию к слиянию обеих эмблем, особенно на римских изображениях, где змея обвивает горящий факел. К концу средневековья античный факел в изображениях сменился свечой в связи с тем, что свеча являлась религиозным атрибутом (рис. 12). Изображение свечи сопровождалось изречениями: «Aliis lucens uror» («Светя другим, сгораю»), «Aliis in serviendo ipse consumor» («Служа другим, уничтожаю себя») и др. Многие врачи и медицинские общества в 17 —18 века пользовались эмблемы, где вместо змеи была изображена свеча, о чем свидетельствуют, в частности, дошедшие до нас произведения изобразительного искусства (рис. 13). В настоящее время горящий факел является эмблемой санитарного просвещения (рис. 14).

Rice. 12. Герб Уильяма Гарвея с изображением горящей свечи, обвитой двумя змеями (памятная доска, обнаруженная в 1893 году на своде аудитории в Падуанском университете).

В СССР, как и в некоторых других странах, основной государственной общей медицинской эмблемой является изображение чаши, обвитой змеей (цветн.

ВОЗ на 1 Всемирной ассамблее здравоохранения в Женеве (1948) утвердила международную медицинскую эмблему, представляющую собой эмблему ООН (карта мира, окруженная венком оливковых ветвей золотого цвета на светло-голубом фоне в сочетании с посохом, обвитым змеями (рис. 15).

Rice.13. Portrait of a Czech anatomist, 17th century I. Jessen, rector of Charles University in Prague, with the image of his emblem – a burning candle entwined with a ribbon with the inscription: "I find satisfaction in the performance of my duty." Rice. 14. Commemorative medal of the IV International Conference on Health Education with the image of a burning torch against the background of the globe. Rice. 15. Emblem of the World Health Organization. Rice. 16. The modern emblem of medicine officially adopted in many countries is a stylized image of a staff entwined with a snake (red on a white background). Rice. 17. Image of a lily of the valley – a medieval emblem of therapy (from the title page of one of the first Polish books on internal diseases). Rice. 18. Image of the Lorraine cross and white chamomile flowers – emblems of the fight against tuberculosis (a fragment of a postcard issued in Russia before the First World War and distributed in favor of tuberculosis patients)

In addition to general medical emblems, there are many private emblems denoting certain branches of medicine. During the medieval period, physicians in Europe were divided into two groups: internists (therapists) and surgeons. One of the most ancient emblems of therapy is the image of a lily of the valley flower, medicines from which were widely used to treat heart diseases already in the Middle Ages (Fig. 1). Other symbols of therapy were images of a vessel for collecting urine – urinaria (tsvetn. Fig. 7), a hand probing the pulse, a rooster, etc. The emblem of the Pythagorean doctors of the ancient world – a pentagram (a five-pointed star drawn with intersecting lines) – in the Middle Ages became surgeons (Fig. nineteen). Images of various surgical instruments also served as symbols of surgery (Fig. 22). The emblem of pharmacists, who in the Middle Ages in Europe united in their guilds separately from therapists and surgeons, were images of various animals (crocodile, rhinoceros, etc.) and plants (lilies), but most often – an apothecary's mortar with a pestle. The emblem of pediatricians in a number of countries (Italy, Russia, etc.) has become the image of the "Florentine baby" – a child swaddled to the waist. For the first time this image was performed by Andreadella Robbia (A. della Robbia, 15th century) on faience medallions that adorned the building of an orphanage in Florence (Fig. 20). In Russia, since the 18th century, the emblem of the departments involved in the care and treatment of children has been the image of a pelican. According to medieval legend, during a drought and famine, the pelican saved his chicks by tearing his chest and giving them his blood to drink. The image of a pelican, along with a drop of blood, was used in a number of countries as an emblem of donation (Fig. 23).

The emblem of gerontology is the image of an age-old tree (Fig. 24). It is possible that the prototype of this emblem is the plane tree of Hippocrates, an age-old tree growing on the island of Kos, where Hippocrates lived and worked (tsvetn. Fig. 8).The emblem of orthopedics and traumatology is a broken young church, tied to the column (Fig. 25). The emblem of the Soviet health at exhibitions abroad and the emblem of cardiology is the image of the heart on the palm of the palm (Fig. 26). In 1962, WHO offered a special emblem in the fight against malaria – an image against the background of the globe spears, an accused of a snake and directed by the edge on the malarious mosquito (china. Fig. 9). The symbol of combating oncological diseases is a crab pierced by an arrow with a sword (color. Fig. 10).

Figure 19. Publishing mark of the famous German surgeon of the 16th century I. Zoter with depicted Pentagram. Rice. 20. "Florentine Baby" – the emblem of pediatrics (from the exlebris belonging to the physician). Rice. 21. Printing of the Kiev shop of the Tsiolnikov with the image of various tools. Rice. 22. Medieval seal of the German Society Surgeons with the image of tools, owls (the symbol of wisdom) and snake.

Special place among medical emblems occupy symbols of various honey. organizations. Among them is the most massive – International Red Cross. In 1864, the Convention was signed in Geneva on improving the participants of the wounded and patients in the existing armies (see Geneva Conventions). This convention has established a distinguishing sign of the wounded and patient sockets: a red cross on a white field. Four parts of the cross symbolize four valor: moderation, prudence, justice and courage. The sample of the sign was the state flag of Switzerland (white cross on the red field).

This symbol serves as the emblem of the International Red Cross and most of the National Red Cross Societies (Chern. Fig. 11). The emblem of similar societies in Muslim countries – Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran (since 1980), Arab countries, as well as in the Azerbaijani, Tajik, Turkmen and Uzbek SSR – is a red crescent, in Iran until 1980- Red Lion and the Sun ( color rice. 12). In the emblem of the All-Union voluntary mass community organization, uniting the Society of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, the Red Cross and Red Crescent (see the Union of the Red Cross Societies and the Red Crescent of the USSR).

Rice. 23. Pelican images – donation emblem Rice. 24. An image of a century tree – gerontology emblems. Rice. 25 The commemorative medal II of the All-Union Congress of traumatologists and orthopedists with an image of a broken church tied to columns. Rice. 26. The icon I of the All-Union Cardiology Congress with the image of the heart on the palm. Rice. 27. Foreign emblems of military medical service.

Anti-tuberculosis organizations took the image of the Larring Cross (cross with two horizontal lines) and a white chamomile (Fig. 18) for their distinguished sign. The International League of Combating Tuberculosis At the International Tuberculus Conference in 1902 (Berlin) approved the image of the Larring Cross of Red As the International Tuberculosis Fight Emblem.

A separate group of medical emblems amounted to military-medical emblems in most countries of the world as medical emblems were used as signs of military medical services in various modifications (Fig. 27). In some countries, special distinctive signs of military medical service have been created.

Bibliography: Musicanov E. D. Medicine in Numismatics, M., 1962; He, the history of international medical emblems, M., 1976, bibliogr.; Gribanov D. D. and Georgadze V. I. Emblems of medicine, Tbilisi, 1979, Bibliogr.; Zabludovsky P. E. Medical emblem, in the book: From Honey Hist .. Ed. K. G. Vasilyeva et al., Vol. 5, p. 133, Riga, 1963; Tarasonov. M. Symbols of medicine as a reflection of the healing of ancient peoples, M., 1985; Lirrh A. u. Gruber O. V. Die Kerze Als Symbol Dee Arzttums. LPZ., 1959. Bibliogr.; Schouten J. The Rod And Serpent of Asklepios, Symbol of Medicine, Amsterdam a. o., 1967, bibliogr; He, The Pentagram As A Medical Symbol; An iconotogical Study, Nieuwkoop, 1968.

E. D. Gribanov.

Medical symbols and emblems

8. The history of medicine as a science and educational discipline is ….

+1. Composite part of the generalistic science

+2. Science of birth, formation, development and modern state of medicine